Defining Successful or Healthy Aging

The concept of aging connotes declines, both physical and mental. Yet in recent years the phrases "healthy aging" and "successful aging" have found their way into the press as well as into research protocols. Longitudinal studies on aging demonstrate that these terms are not oxymorons. Rowe and Kahn (1998) include the following components in their definition of successful aging: a low risk of disease and disease-related disability, high mental and physical function, and active engagement with life.

Similarly, in his definition of healthy aging, Vaillant (2002) describes the importance of physical, social, and emotional health. He suggests that aging well also involves the ability to forgive, feel grateful, and experience joy. Such behaviors and emotional states are also within a large degree of voluntary control.

This article summarizes the research findings of what can be done to promote vitality in old age by focusing on the modification of physical, cognitive, and psychological variables.

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